Definition and Examples of Word Grammar (WG)

Word grammar is a general theory of language structure which holds that grammatical knowledge is largely a body (or network) of knowledge about words. Word grammar (WG) was originally developed in the 1980s by British linguist Richard Hudson (University College London).   Observations [Word Grammar theory] consists of the [following] generalization: A language is a network of entities related by propositions. -Richard Hudson, Word Grammar Dependency RelationsIn WG, syntactic structures are analyzed in terms of dependency relations between single words, a parent and a dependent. Phrases ​are defined by dependency structures which consist of a word plus the phrases rooted in any of its dependents. In other words, WG syntax does not use phrase structure in describing sentence structure, because everything that needs to be said about sentence structure can be formulated in terms of dependencies between single words. -Eva Eppler Language as a NetworkThe conclusions so far, then, are more or less uncontroversial:[T]he idea of language as a conceptual network actually leads to new questions and highly controversial conclusions. The words network and conceptual are both contentious. We start with the notion of language as a network. In WG, the point of this claim is that language is nothing but a network--there are no rules, principles, or parameters to complement the network. Everything in language can be defined formally in terms of nodes and their relations. This is also accepted as one of the main tenets of cognitive linguistics. -Richard Hudson, Language Networks: The New Word Grammar.   Word Grammar (WG) and Construction Grammar (CG)The central claim of WG is that language is organized as a cognitive network; the major consequence of this claim is that the theory eschews part-whole structures such as are central in Phrase Structure Grammar.   Phrases are not basic to WG analyses and so the central unit of organization within WG is the dependency, which is a pairwise relationship between two words. In this respect, the theory is different from Construction Grammar (CG), because WG has no level of analysis which is larger than the word and  the (pairwise) dependency which associates two words. . . . There are, however, some key points of similarity between WG and CG: both theories assume a symbolic relationship between the units  of syntax and an associated semantic structure; both theories are usage based;  both theories are declarative; both theories have a structured lexicon; and both theories exploit default inheritance. -Nikolas Gisborne, Dependencies Are Constructions: A Case Study in Predicative Complementation.   Sources Richard Hudson,  Word Grammar. Blackwell, 1984Eva Eppler, Word Grammar and Syntactic Code-Mixing Research.  Word Grammar: New Perspectives, ed. K. Sugayama and R. Hudson. Continuum, 2006Richard Hudson,  Language Networks: The New Word Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2007Nikolas Gisborne, Dependencies Are Constructions: A Case Study in Predicative Complementation.  Constructional Approaches to English Grammar, ed. by  Graeme Trousdale and Nikolas Gisborne. Walter de Gruyter, 2008

My Family Portrays A Three Generations Of A Mexican...

The movie My Family portrays a three generations of a Mexican American family who has emigrated from Mexico to East Los Angeles. The film is narrated by, Paco, the eldest son of the family. The film begins with the journey of Jose Sanchez, the father of Paco, to Los Angeles from Mexico. He left his hometown in Mexico because his brother had died and he had no family left, so he went in search of distant relative who lived in Los Angeles, California. When he arrived he meets his relative known as El Californio, became good friends and began to grow a corn farm together. After his arrival, Jose, joined the many people who crossed the bride to work. In one of those occasions he meets and then marries the love of his life, Maria. As they were†¦show more content†¦On the run from the Los Angeles Police Department, Chucho is shot and killed right in front of his youngest brother Jimmy. After watching his brother be shot and killed, Jimmy’s life takes a turn. Another twenty- year jumps happen into the 1970s, where the film shows the third generation deal with more situations. Jimmy has completed his time in jail and returns home. During the time after jail, a series of events leads Toni, Jimmy’s older sister, to convince him to marry a Salvadorian woman, Isabel, to save her from deportation. He is resistant to the idea of being married, but Isabel is persistent. Slowly Jimmy let’s Isabel into his heart where they both find that they truly understand one another. Isabel becomes pregnant and dies while giving birth to their son Carlitos. This leads Jimmy to make bad decisions and he ends up in jail once again leaving his parents to raise his son. Once out of jail again he returns home, sees his son and is motivated to change and become close with his son. After many desperate attempts of winning his son, it has paid off. Jimmy decides to change his life for him and his son, so they move to Texas. My Family ends with Jose and Maria looking ba ck on their lives and all of the things that they had gone through together. (Thomas Nava, 1995) The family in this movie is like mine own in the aspect that my father traveled here,

Refining Solutions free essay sample

Although with spontaneous conversations, though, it is necessary to concentrate on a few set of associated ideas. Regulate the league or speech according to the audience. A practical audience would gain from terminology and acronyms. However, if the listeners are having an issue understanding the concepts that is being sent across Then it might perhaps be essential to focus on speaking at a slower pace and also offering any general accustomed Illustrations for a clearer understanding.A critical examination of a best solution for this scenario Is the following; In this case It Is Important to follow the steps above but to ultimately not to use one tone In the complete speech. By doing so it will allow one to sound very dull, and boring as the en giving the speech and also it reflects that way on the character of the one giving the speech. A very helpful step is to becoming a better speaker is to raise the pitch of the voice Just a little every now and then being careful not to yell. We will write a custom essay sample on Refining Solutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which in turn allows the speech to sound sort of like a debate to some extent, especially id it is on something the speaker really would care about and that is very important as well. Another tip would be to study some great speakers such as Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy, or Winston Churchill Just to list a few. These speakers were amongst the est. most well-known presenters In our history. And the tone I know goes up and down as stated previously. So the refined solution would be to first make sure to know the audience and To make sure there is a point to the argument or speech and be sure to stay with it. Make sure to Speak undoubtedly and clear making sure to modify the speech according to the audience that is listening. Last step listed is to make sure to check and modify the use of the tone in the whole speech In the final solution Do not be to overbearing. When the audience are handled in a way that makes them feel like they re not smart or like they are little kids( if not speaking to a younger crowd), the audience might turn unreceptive and it may be followed by simply Just ignoring the speaker or walking out swearing.And It Is Important to note the tone or sound of what condescends sound Like and It can be established as when the speaker use a more of a song like tones In the dialogue or to let out a long groan nominally, or If the speaker put down the listeners at all in the speech it can create hard feelings and stir up anger. That is why it is audience cannot hear what the message is about so to sum it up speak up. The listeners have to make out what is being presented are s aying even if the people that are listening are hearing in the furthest row or is there is quite a bit of noise.The next thing to keep in mind is to be honest not many would like to listen to a dishonest person so very important to know the stuff talking about and sticking to it. That is why it is important to organize what youre saying. However If there are different details or ideas in relations to the leading point, Talk about it one by one in a unhurried way but tactful so the audience can grasp the message accordingly.